Guidelines for accurate evaluation of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductor technologies

Vincenzo Pecunia; Thomas D. Anthopoulos; Ardalan Armin; Benjamin Bouthinon; Mario Caironi; Andres Castellanos-Gomez; Yongsheng Chen; Kilwon Cho; Charlotte Clegg; Xiaosheng Fang; Peter Fendel; Boyd Fowler; Gerwin Gelinck; Heinrich Gottlob; Philippe Guyot-Sionnest; Rob Hannebauer; Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa; Mark C. Hersam; Lionel Hirsch; Johnny C. Ho; Furkan H. Isikgor; Jérôme Joimel; Hyun Jae Kim; Gerasimos Konstantatos; John Labram; Max C. Lemme; Karl Leo; Emmanuel Lhuillier; Elefterios Lidorikis; Maria A. Loi; Pawel E. Malinowski; Patrick Merken; Thomas Mueller; Bahareh Nasrollahi; Dario Natali; Tse Nga Ng; Thuc Quyen Nguyen; Sung Kyu Park; Lian Mao Peng; Paolo Samorì; Edward H. Sargent; Liang Shen; Sanshiro Shishido; Ivan Shorubalko; Prashant Sonar; Samuel D. Stranks; Sandro F. Tedde; Koen Vandewal; Marc Verhaegen; Sumeet Walia; Feng Yan; Tomoyuki Yokota; Fujun Zhang

doi:10.1038/s41566-025-01759-1

Guidelines for accurate evaluation of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductor technologies

Vincenzo Pecunia^*
, Thomas D. Anthopoulos^*
, Ardalan Armin
, Benjamin Bouthinon
, Mario Caironi
, Andres Castellanos-Gomez
, Yongsheng Chen
, Kilwon Cho
, Charlotte Clegg
, Xiaosheng Fang
, Peter Fendel
, Boyd Fowler
, Gerwin Gelinck
, Heinrich Gottlob
, Philippe Guyot-Sionnest
, Rob Hannebauer
, Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
, Mark C. Hersam
, Lionel Hirsch
, Johnny C. Ho

Furkan H. Isikgor, Jérôme Joimel, Hyun Jae Kim, Gerasimos Konstantatos, John Labram, Max C. Lemme, Karl Leo, Emmanuel Lhuillier, Elefterios Lidorikis, Maria A. Loi, Pawel E. Malinowski, Patrick Merken, Thomas Mueller, Bahareh Nasrollahi, Dario Natali, Tse Nga Ng, Thuc Quyen Nguyen, Sung Kyu Park, Lian Mao Peng, Paolo Samorì, Edward H. Sargent, Liang Shen, Sanshiro Shishido, Ivan Shorubalko, Prashant Sonar, Samuel D. Stranks, Sandro F. Tedde, Koen Vandewal, Marc Verhaegen, Sumeet Walia, Feng Yan, Tomoyuki Yokota, Fujun Zhang

^*Corresponding author for this work

Simon Fraser University
University of Manchester
Swansea University
VS Technology
Italian Institute of Technology
Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM-CSIC)
Nankai University
Pohang University of Science and Technology
Fudan University
Thorlabs, Inc.
OmniVision Technologies Inc.
Eindhoven University of Technology
High Tech Campus 31
Vishay Semiconductor GmbH
The University of Chicago
Lumiense Photonics Inc.
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
InnovationLab GmbH
Northwestern University
Northwestern University
Laboratoire IMS
City University of Hong Kong
Yonsei University
The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology
ICREA
University College London
RWTH Aachen University
AMO GmbH
Technische Universität Dresden
Sorbonne Université
University of Ioannina
University of Groningen
Interuniversitair Micro-Elektronica Centrum
Exosens Group
TU Wien
Polytechnic University of Milan
University of California at San Diego
University of California at Santa Barbara
Chung-Ang University
Peking University
Université de Strasbourg
University of Toronto
Jilin University
Panasonic Holdings Corporation
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa)
Queensland University of Technology
University of Cambridge
Siemens
Hasselt University
Photon Etc.
Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The University of Tokyo
Beijing Jiaotong University

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

57 Scopus citations

Abstract

Photodetector technologies based on emerging semiconductors—for example, organic semiconductors, halide perovskites, quantum dots, low-dimensional semiconductors and metal oxides—hold considerable promise for next-generation optoelectronics. However, the breadth and multidisciplinarity of this field, alongside its diverse range of applications, have resulted in inconsistent performance characterization and reporting practices, hindering the effective benchmarking of these technologies. Here we present a consensus among researchers from academia and industry on accurately capturing the key performance metrics of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductors and utilizing the photoelectric effect. We analyse their underlying assumptions, discuss common misunderstandings, and provide guidelines for accurate characterization and reporting. Additionally, we discuss the benchmarking of these photodetector technologies with respect to diverse applications. We expect that these comprehensive guidelines for characterization, reporting and benchmarking will accelerate and streamline further advancements in the field, propelling emerging photodetector technologies towards their full potential.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	1178-1188
Number of pages	11
Journal	Nature Photonics
Volume	19
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01759-1
State	Published - Nov 2025
Externally published	Yes

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Pecunia, V., Anthopoulos, T. D., Armin, A., Bouthinon, B., Caironi, M., Castellanos-Gomez, A., Chen, Y., Cho, K., Clegg, C., Fang, X., Fendel, P., Fowler, B., Gelinck, G., Gottlob, H., Guyot-Sionnest, P., Hannebauer, R., Hernandez-Sosa, G., Hersam, M. C., Hirsch, L., ... Zhang, F. (2025). Guidelines for accurate evaluation of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductor technologies. Nature Photonics, 19(11), 1178-1188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01759-1

@article{3514fe2d18ac4dd79caf94f07a6a5a63,

title = "Guidelines for accurate evaluation of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductor technologies",

abstract = "Photodetector technologies based on emerging semiconductors—for example, organic semiconductors, halide perovskites, quantum dots, low-dimensional semiconductors and metal oxides—hold considerable promise for next-generation optoelectronics. However, the breadth and multidisciplinarity of this field, alongside its diverse range of applications, have resulted in inconsistent performance characterization and reporting practices, hindering the effective benchmarking of these technologies. Here we present a consensus among researchers from academia and industry on accurately capturing the key performance metrics of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductors and utilizing the photoelectric effect. We analyse their underlying assumptions, discuss common misunderstandings, and provide guidelines for accurate characterization and reporting. Additionally, we discuss the benchmarking of these photodetector technologies with respect to diverse applications. We expect that these comprehensive guidelines for characterization, reporting and benchmarking will accelerate and streamline further advancements in the field, propelling emerging photodetector technologies towards their full potential.",

author = "Vincenzo Pecunia and Anthopoulos, \{Thomas D.\} and Ardalan Armin and Benjamin Bouthinon and Mario Caironi and Andres Castellanos-Gomez and Yongsheng Chen and Kilwon Cho and Charlotte Clegg and Xiaosheng Fang and Peter Fendel and Boyd Fowler and Gerwin Gelinck and Heinrich Gottlob and Philippe Guyot-Sionnest and Rob Hannebauer and Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa and Hersam, \{Mark C.\} and Lionel Hirsch and Ho, \{Johnny C.\} and Isikgor, \{Furkan H.\} and J{\'e}r{\^o}me Joimel and Kim, \{Hyun Jae\} and Gerasimos Konstantatos and John Labram and Lemme, \{Max C.\} and Karl Leo and Emmanuel Lhuillier and Elefterios Lidorikis and Loi, \{Maria A.\} and Malinowski, \{Pawel E.\} and Patrick Merken and Thomas Mueller and Bahareh Nasrollahi and Dario Natali and Ng, \{Tse Nga\} and Nguyen, \{Thuc Quyen\} and Park, \{Sung Kyu\} and Peng, \{Lian Mao\} and Paolo Samor{\`i} and Sargent, \{Edward H.\} and Liang Shen and Sanshiro Shishido and Ivan Shorubalko and Prashant Sonar and Stranks, \{Samuel D.\} and Tedde, \{Sandro F.\} and Koen Vandewal and Marc Verhaegen and Sumeet Walia and Feng Yan and Tomoyuki Yokota and Fujun Zhang",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2025.",

year = "2025",

month = nov,

doi = "10.1038/s41566-025-01759-1",

language = "英语",

volume = "19",

pages = "1178--1188",

journal = "Nature Photonics",

issn = "1749-4885",

publisher = "Nature Research",

number = "11",

}

Pecunia, V, Anthopoulos, TD, Armin, A, Bouthinon, B, Caironi, M, Castellanos-Gomez, A, Chen, Y, Cho, K, Clegg, C, Fang, X, Fendel, P, Fowler, B, Gelinck, G, Gottlob, H, Guyot-Sionnest, P, Hannebauer, R, Hernandez-Sosa, G, Hersam, MC, Hirsch, L, Ho, JC, Isikgor, FH, Joimel, J, Kim, HJ, Konstantatos, G, Labram, J, Lemme, MC, Leo, K, Lhuillier, E, Lidorikis, E, Loi, MA, Malinowski, PE, Merken, P, Mueller, T, Nasrollahi, B, Natali, D, Ng, TN, Nguyen, TQ, Park, SK, Peng, LM, Samorì, P, Sargent, EH, Shen, L, Shishido, S, Shorubalko, I, Sonar, P, Stranks, SD, Tedde, SF, Vandewal, K, Verhaegen, M, Walia, S, Yan, F, Yokota, T & Zhang, F 2025, 'Guidelines for accurate evaluation of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductor technologies', Nature Photonics, vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 1178-1188. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-025-01759-1

TY - JOUR

T1 - Guidelines for accurate evaluation of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductor technologies

AU - Pecunia, Vincenzo

AU - Anthopoulos, Thomas D.

AU - Armin, Ardalan

AU - Bouthinon, Benjamin

AU - Caironi, Mario

AU - Castellanos-Gomez, Andres

AU - Chen, Yongsheng

AU - Cho, Kilwon

AU - Clegg, Charlotte

AU - Fang, Xiaosheng

AU - Fendel, Peter

AU - Fowler, Boyd

AU - Gelinck, Gerwin

AU - Gottlob, Heinrich

AU - Guyot-Sionnest, Philippe

AU - Hannebauer, Rob

AU - Hernandez-Sosa, Gerardo

AU - Hersam, Mark C.

AU - Hirsch, Lionel

AU - Ho, Johnny C.

AU - Isikgor, Furkan H.

AU - Joimel, Jérôme

AU - Kim, Hyun Jae

AU - Konstantatos, Gerasimos

AU - Labram, John

AU - Lemme, Max C.

AU - Leo, Karl

AU - Lhuillier, Emmanuel

AU - Lidorikis, Elefterios

AU - Loi, Maria A.

AU - Malinowski, Pawel E.

AU - Merken, Patrick

AU - Mueller, Thomas

AU - Nasrollahi, Bahareh

AU - Natali, Dario

AU - Ng, Tse Nga

AU - Nguyen, Thuc Quyen

AU - Park, Sung Kyu

AU - Peng, Lian Mao

AU - Samorì, Paolo

AU - Sargent, Edward H.

AU - Shen, Liang

AU - Shishido, Sanshiro

AU - Shorubalko, Ivan

AU - Sonar, Prashant

AU - Stranks, Samuel D.

AU - Tedde, Sandro F.

AU - Vandewal, Koen

AU - Verhaegen, Marc

AU - Walia, Sumeet

AU - Yan, Feng

AU - Yokota, Tomoyuki

AU - Zhang, Fujun

PY - 2025/11

Y1 - 2025/11

N2 - Photodetector technologies based on emerging semiconductors—for example, organic semiconductors, halide perovskites, quantum dots, low-dimensional semiconductors and metal oxides—hold considerable promise for next-generation optoelectronics. However, the breadth and multidisciplinarity of this field, alongside its diverse range of applications, have resulted in inconsistent performance characterization and reporting practices, hindering the effective benchmarking of these technologies. Here we present a consensus among researchers from academia and industry on accurately capturing the key performance metrics of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductors and utilizing the photoelectric effect. We analyse their underlying assumptions, discuss common misunderstandings, and provide guidelines for accurate characterization and reporting. Additionally, we discuss the benchmarking of these photodetector technologies with respect to diverse applications. We expect that these comprehensive guidelines for characterization, reporting and benchmarking will accelerate and streamline further advancements in the field, propelling emerging photodetector technologies towards their full potential.

AB - Photodetector technologies based on emerging semiconductors—for example, organic semiconductors, halide perovskites, quantum dots, low-dimensional semiconductors and metal oxides—hold considerable promise for next-generation optoelectronics. However, the breadth and multidisciplinarity of this field, alongside its diverse range of applications, have resulted in inconsistent performance characterization and reporting practices, hindering the effective benchmarking of these technologies. Here we present a consensus among researchers from academia and industry on accurately capturing the key performance metrics of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductors and utilizing the photoelectric effect. We analyse their underlying assumptions, discuss common misunderstandings, and provide guidelines for accurate characterization and reporting. Additionally, we discuss the benchmarking of these photodetector technologies with respect to diverse applications. We expect that these comprehensive guidelines for characterization, reporting and benchmarking will accelerate and streamline further advancements in the field, propelling emerging photodetector technologies towards their full potential.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105020965233

U2 - 10.1038/s41566-025-01759-1

DO - 10.1038/s41566-025-01759-1

M3 - 文章

AN - SCOPUS:105020965233

SN - 1749-4885

VL - 19

SP - 1178

EP - 1188

JO - Nature Photonics

JF - Nature Photonics

IS - 11

ER -

Guidelines for accurate evaluation of photodetectors based on emerging semiconductor technologies

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