Room-temperature synthesis of perovskite composite dual-network hydrogels for visual wearable strain sensing

Flexible wearable electronic devices, renowned for their high responsiveness, lightweight design, and superior signal transmission capabilities, have garnered extensive interest in smart sensing applications. However, conventional flexible sensors face a critical limitation: the functional separation between sensing and visualization modules. To address this challenge, a novel stretchable luminescent perovskite hydrogel engineered by integrating Sb³⁺-doped all-inorganic zero-dimensional (0D) perovskite Cs₂InCl₅⋅H₂O into a dual-network hydrogel matrix crosslinked with polyacrylamide (PAM) and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) has been proposed. The synthesized composite hydrogel can maintain strong yellow fluorescence and deformation properties even under multidimensional mechanical strain. Simultaneously, the real-time strain-sensing functionality through resistance-based electrical signals enables synergistic visualization and quantitative monitoring of dynamic motions. This study not only advances the design of environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite hydrogels but also pioneers a multifunctional platform for next-generation wearable electronics, bridging the gap between optical signaling and mechanosensitive detection.